László Moholy-Nagy and Alvar Aalto’s Connections
Between Biotechnik and Umwelt
Vol. 17 No. 1 (2020): Modernist Considerations
Research Articles
December 30, 2020
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Departing from the fact that László Moholy-Nagy’s Von Material zu Architektur (1929), had been an important source of inspiration for Alvar Aalto, this article examines the affinities between László Moholy-Nagy and Alvar Aalto’s intellectual positions. The article places emphasis on two particular ideas: how Aalto and Moholy-Nagy conceived the connection of biology with standardization and technology and its relationship to light and perception. Special attention is paid to the notions of “flexible standardisation” and rationalisation in Aalto’s thought, as well as to his belief that nature and standardization should be conceived are closely interconnected. In regard to their shared intellectual development, the article sheds light on the first encounters of the two men including: their meeting at the second Congrès International de l’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in 1929; the June 1931 Finish meeting of Aino Marsio-Aalto, Alvar Aalto, Moholy-Nagy and Ellen Frank; the June 1931 exchanges between Aalto and Moholy-Nagy during the inner circle CIAM meeting in Berlin; and the common stay of the Aaltos and Moholy-Nagy in London in 1933 are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on Aalto’s “The Reconstruction of Europe is the Key Problem for the Architecture of Our Time”, in which he argued that standardization in architecture should draw upon biological models.
Charitonidou, M. “László Moholy-Nagy and Alvar Aalto’s Connections: Between Biotechnik and Umwelt”. Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research, vol. 17, no. 1, Dec. 2020, pp. 28-46, doi:10.17831/enq:arcc.v17i1.1080.
Aalto, Alvar, “The Humanizing of Architecture”, in The Technology Review 43, no. 1 (1940): 14-16.
_ _ _ _. Post-war Reconstruction: Rehousing Research in Finland (New York: Finnish Consulate in New York, 1940), n. p.
_ _ _ _. “Euroopan jalleenrakentaminen tuo pinnalle aikamme rakennustaiteen keskeisimman prob-leemin”, in Arkkitehti-Arkitekten, no. 5 (1941): 75-80.
_ _ _ _. “Architettura e arte concreta” (“The Trout and the Stream”), in Domus, 223-225 (1947): 103-115.
_ _ _ _. “Culture and Technology” (“Kulttuuri ja tekniikka”), in Suomi Finland, no. 3 (1947): 20-21.
_ _ _ _. “The Trout and the Stream”, in Arkkitehti-Arkitekten (1948): 7-10. _ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “Rationalism and Man”; excerpt pub. in Eng-lish in Juhani Pallasmaa, ed. Alvar Aalto Furniture (Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1984), 115-116.
Aalto Museum, Alvar Aalto: Points of Contact (Helsin-ki: Alvar Aalto Museum, 1994)
Ballantyne, Andrew, “Architecture, life, and habit”, in Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 69 (1), (2011): 43-49.
Barbieri, Marcello, Introduction to Biosemiotics: The New Biological Synthesis (Springer, 2008).
Blencowe, Chris, Judith Levine, Moholy's Edit: CIAM 1933: The Avant-Garde at Sea (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2018).
Borchardt-Hume, Achim, “Two Bauhaus Histories”, in idem., ed., Albers and Moholy-Nagy: From the Bau-haus to the New World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).
Botar, Oliver A. I., “The Origins of László Moholy-Nagy’s Biocentric Constructivism”, in Eduardo Kac, ed., Signs of Life (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2007), 315-344.
Brentari, Carlo, Jakob von Uexküll: The Discovery of the Umwelt between Biosemiotics and Theoretical Bi-ology (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015).
Carnap, Rudolf, Der Raum: ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre Vol. 56 of Kant Studies Ergänzungshefte (Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1922).
_ _ _ _. The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap. Vol. 1, Early Writings, 1922-1927, edited by A. W. Carus et al (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 22-208.
_ _ _ _. Der Logische Aufbau der Welt (Berlin: Weltkreis Verlag, 1928).
_ _ _ _. The Logical Structure of the World and Pseu-doproblems in Philosophy (London: Routledge K. Paul, 1967).
Charrington, Harry, The Makings of a Surrounding World: The Public Spaces of the Aalto Atelier (PhD Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociolo-gy of the London School of Economics, 2008).
_ _ _ _. “Alvar Aalto and the Ambience of History”, in Paul Emmons, John Shannon Hendrix, Jane Lomholt, eds., The Cultural Role of Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2012).
Enajarvi, Elsa, interview with Alvar Aalto (trans. Juhani Pallasmaa), in Tulenkantajat, no. 3 (1929).
Francé, Raoul Heinrich, Die Pflanze als Erfinder (Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, 1920).
_ _ _ _. The Plants as Inventors (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1923).
_ _ _ _. Das Buch des Lebens: ein Weltbild der Gegenwart (Berlin: Ullstein, 1924).
Galison, Peter, “Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism”, in Critical Inquiry 16(4) (1990): 709-752.
Giedion, Sigfried, “L’immeuble du journal ‘Turun sa-nomat’ à Abo (Finlande) Architecte Alvar Aalto”, in Cahiers d’Art, 4 (1931): 217-22.
_ _ _ _. “Über finnische Architektur”, in Bauwelt, 25 (1931): 34-35.
_ _ _ _.“Irrationalität und Standard: Bemerkungen zu Alvar Aaltos Reise in die Schweiz”, in Die Weltwoche (1941):
_ _ _ _Space, Time and Architecture: Towards a New Tradition (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1941).
_ _ _ _.Space, Time and Architecture: Towards a New Tradition, second edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949).
Grüttemeier, ?Ralf, Klaus Beekman, ?Ben Rebel, eds., Neue Sachlichkeit and Avant-Garde (Amsterdam; New York, Rodopi, 2013).
Harwood, Pam, “Examining Line as a Heuristic Device in the Design Ethos of Alvar Aalto”, in Geoffrey Broadbent, Carlos A Brebbia, eds., Eco-architecture: Harmonisation Between Architecture and Nature (Southampton: WIT Press, 2006).
Jain, Elenor, Das Prinzip Leben, Lebensphilosophie und ästhetische Erziehung (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 1993).
Kallis, Aristotle, “From ‘Minimum Dwelling’ to ‘Func-tional City’: Reappraising Scale Transitions in the Early History of CIAM (1928–33)”, in Planning Perspectives (2020), 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1711446
Launonen, Marjaana, “Aino Aalto as a Photographer”, in Ulia Kinnunen, ed., Aino Aalto (Helsinki: Alvar Aal-to Foundation, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2004), 136–92.
Menin, Sarah, Flora Samuel, Nature and Space: Aalto and Le Corbusier (London; New York: Routledge, 2003).
Michelini, Francesca, Kristian Köchy, eds., Jakob von Uexküll and Philosophy: Life, Environments, Anthro-pology (London; New York: Routledge, 2020).
Moholy-Nagy, László, Malerei, Photographie, Film, Bauhausbücher no. 8 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1925).
_ _ _ _. Von Material zu Architektur, Bauhausbücher no. 14 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1929).
_ _ _ _. The New Vision: From Material to Architecture, trans. Daphne M. Hoffmann (New York: Brewer, War-ren & Putnam, 1932).
_ _ _ _. “How Photography Revolutionises Vision”, trans. Philip Morton Shand, in The Listener, 8 No-vember 1933, 688-90 ._ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “From Pigment to Light”, in Telehor 1, No. 1-2, (1936): 32-34.
_ _ _ _. Vision in Motion (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1947).
_ _ _ _. The New Vision: Fundamentals of Bauhaus Design, Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (Mineo-la, New York: Dover Publications, 2012).
_ _ _ _. Painting, Photography, Film (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2019).
Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Moholy-Nagy: Experiment in To-tality, foreword by Walter Gropius (New York: Har-per, 1950).
Moholy-Nagy, László, Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Schlemmer, Farkas Moinar, Die Bu?hne im Bauhaus, Bauhausbu?cher no. 4 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1924).
Moravánszky, Ákos, Re-Humanizing Architecture: New Forms of Community, 1950-1970 (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017), 30.
_ _ _ _. Metamorphism: Material Change in Architec-ture (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2018).
Morton-Shand, Philip, “A Tuberculosis Sanatorium Finland”, in The Architectural Review 74 (442) (1933): 85-90.
Mumford, Eric, Designing the Modern City: Urbanism Since 1850 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2018).
Mussari, Mark, Danish Modern: Between Art and De-sign (London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016).
Norvasuo, Markku, “Natural and Artificial Light in Al-var Aalto’s Architecture”, in Jochen Eisenbrand, Mateo Kries, eds., Alvar Aalto: Second Nature (Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 2014), 178-201.
_ _ _ _. “Designing Properly Lit Homes: The Question of Daylight and Electric Light in the Housing Architec-ture of Alvar Aalto between 1927 and 1935”, in Icon 16 (2010): 179-200.
Pallasmaa, Juhani, “Alvar Aalto: Toward a Synthetic Functionalism”, in Peter Reed, ed. Alvar Aalto: Be-tween Humanism and Materialism (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1998).
Pallasmaa, Juhani, Tomoko Sato, Alvar Aalto: Through the Eyes of Shigeru Ban (London: Black Dog Publish-ing, 2007).
Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa, Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Mo-dernity and Geopolitics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). _ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “Alvar Aalto: Planning Finland, c. 1940”, pa-per presented at the conference “Front to Rear: Ar-chitecture and Planning during World War II”, Insti-tute of Fine Arts, New York University, March 7-8, 2009.
_ _ _ _. “Aalto’s Entangled Geographies”, in idem., Silvia Micheli, eds., Aalto Beyond Finland: Projects, Buildings and Networks (Helsinki: Rakennustieto Pub-lishing, 2015).
_ _ _ _. “Reading Aalto through the Baroque: Con-stituent Facts, Dynamic Pluralities, and Formal Laten-cies”, in Andrew Leach, John Macarthur, Maarten Delbeke, eds., The Baroque in Architectural Culture, 1880-1980 (London; New York: Routledge, 2015).
Plumb, Steve, Neue Sachlichkeit 1918-33: Unity and Diversity of an Art Movement (Amsterdam; New York, Rodopi, 2006).
Potochnik, Angela, Audrey Yap, “Revisiting Galison’s ‘Aufbau/Bauhaus’ in light of Neurath’s philosophical projects”, in Studies in History and Philosophy of Sci-ence 37 (2006): 469-488.
Roth, Romain, Raoul H. Francé and the Doctrine of Life (Bloomington: First Books Library, 2000).
Rudberg, Eva, The Stockholm Exhibition 1930: Modernism's Breakthrough in Swedish Architecture (Stockholm: Stockholmia, 1999).
Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ed., Alvar Aalto 1898-1976 (Hel-sinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1978).
Schildt, Göran, Sketches: Alvar Aalto (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1978).
Schildt, Göran, ed., Alvar Aalto in his Own Words, trans. Timothy Binham (New York: Rizzoli, 1997).
Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja, Aino and Alvar Aalto: A Shared Journey: Interpretations of an Everyday Modernism (Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Foundation, 2007).
Terranova, Charissa N., ?Meredith Tromble, eds., The Routledge Companion to Biology in Art and Architec-ture (London; New York: Routledge, 2016).
Tsai, Joyce, “Reconfiguring the Eye: László Moholy-Nagy”, in Gordon Hughes, Phillip Blom, eds., Nothing but the Clouds Unchanged: Artists in World War I (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2014).
_ _ _ _. László Moholy-Nagy: Painting After Photog-raphy (Oakland: California University Press, 2018).
von Uexküll, Jakob, Theoretische Biologie (Berlin: Gebrüder Paetel, 1920);
_ _ _ _. Theoretical Biology, trans. D. L. MacKinnon (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1926).
_ _ _ _. A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Hu-mans: with A Theory of Meaning (Minneapolis: Uni-versity of Minnesota Press, 2010).
_ _ _ _. Post-war Reconstruction: Rehousing Research in Finland (New York: Finnish Consulate in New York, 1940), n. p.
_ _ _ _. “Euroopan jalleenrakentaminen tuo pinnalle aikamme rakennustaiteen keskeisimman prob-leemin”, in Arkkitehti-Arkitekten, no. 5 (1941): 75-80.
_ _ _ _. “Architettura e arte concreta” (“The Trout and the Stream”), in Domus, 223-225 (1947): 103-115.
_ _ _ _. “Culture and Technology” (“Kulttuuri ja tekniikka”), in Suomi Finland, no. 3 (1947): 20-21.
_ _ _ _. “The Trout and the Stream”, in Arkkitehti-Arkitekten (1948): 7-10. _ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “Rationalism and Man”; excerpt pub. in Eng-lish in Juhani Pallasmaa, ed. Alvar Aalto Furniture (Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1984), 115-116.
Aalto Museum, Alvar Aalto: Points of Contact (Helsin-ki: Alvar Aalto Museum, 1994)
Ballantyne, Andrew, “Architecture, life, and habit”, in Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 69 (1), (2011): 43-49.
Barbieri, Marcello, Introduction to Biosemiotics: The New Biological Synthesis (Springer, 2008).
Blencowe, Chris, Judith Levine, Moholy's Edit: CIAM 1933: The Avant-Garde at Sea (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2018).
Borchardt-Hume, Achim, “Two Bauhaus Histories”, in idem., ed., Albers and Moholy-Nagy: From the Bau-haus to the New World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).
Botar, Oliver A. I., “The Origins of László Moholy-Nagy’s Biocentric Constructivism”, in Eduardo Kac, ed., Signs of Life (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2007), 315-344.
Brentari, Carlo, Jakob von Uexküll: The Discovery of the Umwelt between Biosemiotics and Theoretical Bi-ology (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015).
Carnap, Rudolf, Der Raum: ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre Vol. 56 of Kant Studies Ergänzungshefte (Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1922).
_ _ _ _. The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap. Vol. 1, Early Writings, 1922-1927, edited by A. W. Carus et al (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 22-208.
_ _ _ _. Der Logische Aufbau der Welt (Berlin: Weltkreis Verlag, 1928).
_ _ _ _. The Logical Structure of the World and Pseu-doproblems in Philosophy (London: Routledge K. Paul, 1967).
Charrington, Harry, The Makings of a Surrounding World: The Public Spaces of the Aalto Atelier (PhD Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociolo-gy of the London School of Economics, 2008).
_ _ _ _. “Alvar Aalto and the Ambience of History”, in Paul Emmons, John Shannon Hendrix, Jane Lomholt, eds., The Cultural Role of Architecture (London; New York: Routledge, 2012).
Enajarvi, Elsa, interview with Alvar Aalto (trans. Juhani Pallasmaa), in Tulenkantajat, no. 3 (1929).
Francé, Raoul Heinrich, Die Pflanze als Erfinder (Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, 1920).
_ _ _ _. The Plants as Inventors (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1923).
_ _ _ _. Das Buch des Lebens: ein Weltbild der Gegenwart (Berlin: Ullstein, 1924).
Galison, Peter, “Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism”, in Critical Inquiry 16(4) (1990): 709-752.
Giedion, Sigfried, “L’immeuble du journal ‘Turun sa-nomat’ à Abo (Finlande) Architecte Alvar Aalto”, in Cahiers d’Art, 4 (1931): 217-22.
_ _ _ _. “Über finnische Architektur”, in Bauwelt, 25 (1931): 34-35.
_ _ _ _.“Irrationalität und Standard: Bemerkungen zu Alvar Aaltos Reise in die Schweiz”, in Die Weltwoche (1941):
_ _ _ _Space, Time and Architecture: Towards a New Tradition (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1941).
_ _ _ _.Space, Time and Architecture: Towards a New Tradition, second edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949).
Grüttemeier, ?Ralf, Klaus Beekman, ?Ben Rebel, eds., Neue Sachlichkeit and Avant-Garde (Amsterdam; New York, Rodopi, 2013).
Harwood, Pam, “Examining Line as a Heuristic Device in the Design Ethos of Alvar Aalto”, in Geoffrey Broadbent, Carlos A Brebbia, eds., Eco-architecture: Harmonisation Between Architecture and Nature (Southampton: WIT Press, 2006).
Jain, Elenor, Das Prinzip Leben, Lebensphilosophie und ästhetische Erziehung (Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 1993).
Kallis, Aristotle, “From ‘Minimum Dwelling’ to ‘Func-tional City’: Reappraising Scale Transitions in the Early History of CIAM (1928–33)”, in Planning Perspectives (2020), 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1711446
Launonen, Marjaana, “Aino Aalto as a Photographer”, in Ulia Kinnunen, ed., Aino Aalto (Helsinki: Alvar Aal-to Foundation, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2004), 136–92.
Menin, Sarah, Flora Samuel, Nature and Space: Aalto and Le Corbusier (London; New York: Routledge, 2003).
Michelini, Francesca, Kristian Köchy, eds., Jakob von Uexküll and Philosophy: Life, Environments, Anthro-pology (London; New York: Routledge, 2020).
Moholy-Nagy, László, Malerei, Photographie, Film, Bauhausbücher no. 8 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1925).
_ _ _ _. Von Material zu Architektur, Bauhausbücher no. 14 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1929).
_ _ _ _. The New Vision: From Material to Architecture, trans. Daphne M. Hoffmann (New York: Brewer, War-ren & Putnam, 1932).
_ _ _ _. “How Photography Revolutionises Vision”, trans. Philip Morton Shand, in The Listener, 8 No-vember 1933, 688-90 ._ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “From Pigment to Light”, in Telehor 1, No. 1-2, (1936): 32-34.
_ _ _ _. Vision in Motion (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1947).
_ _ _ _. The New Vision: Fundamentals of Bauhaus Design, Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (Mineo-la, New York: Dover Publications, 2012).
_ _ _ _. Painting, Photography, Film (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2019).
Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Moholy-Nagy: Experiment in To-tality, foreword by Walter Gropius (New York: Har-per, 1950).
Moholy-Nagy, László, Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Schlemmer, Farkas Moinar, Die Bu?hne im Bauhaus, Bauhausbu?cher no. 4 (Munich: Albert Langen, 1924).
Moravánszky, Ákos, Re-Humanizing Architecture: New Forms of Community, 1950-1970 (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017), 30.
_ _ _ _. Metamorphism: Material Change in Architec-ture (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2018).
Morton-Shand, Philip, “A Tuberculosis Sanatorium Finland”, in The Architectural Review 74 (442) (1933): 85-90.
Mumford, Eric, Designing the Modern City: Urbanism Since 1850 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2018).
Mussari, Mark, Danish Modern: Between Art and De-sign (London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016).
Norvasuo, Markku, “Natural and Artificial Light in Al-var Aalto’s Architecture”, in Jochen Eisenbrand, Mateo Kries, eds., Alvar Aalto: Second Nature (Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 2014), 178-201.
_ _ _ _. “Designing Properly Lit Homes: The Question of Daylight and Electric Light in the Housing Architec-ture of Alvar Aalto between 1927 and 1935”, in Icon 16 (2010): 179-200.
Pallasmaa, Juhani, “Alvar Aalto: Toward a Synthetic Functionalism”, in Peter Reed, ed. Alvar Aalto: Be-tween Humanism and Materialism (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1998).
Pallasmaa, Juhani, Tomoko Sato, Alvar Aalto: Through the Eyes of Shigeru Ban (London: Black Dog Publish-ing, 2007).
Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa, Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Mo-dernity and Geopolitics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). _ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _. “Alvar Aalto: Planning Finland, c. 1940”, pa-per presented at the conference “Front to Rear: Ar-chitecture and Planning during World War II”, Insti-tute of Fine Arts, New York University, March 7-8, 2009.
_ _ _ _. “Aalto’s Entangled Geographies”, in idem., Silvia Micheli, eds., Aalto Beyond Finland: Projects, Buildings and Networks (Helsinki: Rakennustieto Pub-lishing, 2015).
_ _ _ _. “Reading Aalto through the Baroque: Con-stituent Facts, Dynamic Pluralities, and Formal Laten-cies”, in Andrew Leach, John Macarthur, Maarten Delbeke, eds., The Baroque in Architectural Culture, 1880-1980 (London; New York: Routledge, 2015).
Plumb, Steve, Neue Sachlichkeit 1918-33: Unity and Diversity of an Art Movement (Amsterdam; New York, Rodopi, 2006).
Potochnik, Angela, Audrey Yap, “Revisiting Galison’s ‘Aufbau/Bauhaus’ in light of Neurath’s philosophical projects”, in Studies in History and Philosophy of Sci-ence 37 (2006): 469-488.
Roth, Romain, Raoul H. Francé and the Doctrine of Life (Bloomington: First Books Library, 2000).
Rudberg, Eva, The Stockholm Exhibition 1930: Modernism's Breakthrough in Swedish Architecture (Stockholm: Stockholmia, 1999).
Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ed., Alvar Aalto 1898-1976 (Hel-sinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1978).
Schildt, Göran, Sketches: Alvar Aalto (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1978).
Schildt, Göran, ed., Alvar Aalto in his Own Words, trans. Timothy Binham (New York: Rizzoli, 1997).
Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja, Aino and Alvar Aalto: A Shared Journey: Interpretations of an Everyday Modernism (Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Foundation, 2007).
Terranova, Charissa N., ?Meredith Tromble, eds., The Routledge Companion to Biology in Art and Architec-ture (London; New York: Routledge, 2016).
Tsai, Joyce, “Reconfiguring the Eye: László Moholy-Nagy”, in Gordon Hughes, Phillip Blom, eds., Nothing but the Clouds Unchanged: Artists in World War I (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2014).
_ _ _ _. László Moholy-Nagy: Painting After Photog-raphy (Oakland: California University Press, 2018).
von Uexküll, Jakob, Theoretische Biologie (Berlin: Gebrüder Paetel, 1920);
_ _ _ _. Theoretical Biology, trans. D. L. MacKinnon (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, 1926).
_ _ _ _. A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Hu-mans: with A Theory of Meaning (Minneapolis: Uni-versity of Minnesota Press, 2010).
Copyright (c) 2020 Marianna Charitonidou
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